The results are displayed in figure 11. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. For respondents who experienced discrimination, the survey asks whether the perpetrators of discrimination were Indian, non-Indian, or both (see figure 28). As with political parties in the American context, there is a certain degree of asymmetric polarization as far as supporters of the Congress and the BJP are concerned, although both groups are generally more hostile toward supporters of the opposing Indian party than is true in the analogous case of Republicans and Democrats (see figure 24). It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. . The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. Why Are Hate Crime Charges So Rare?, New York Times, March 18, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html. Christians are the most observant group as far as attending religious services is concerned. However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. Forty percent of respondents born in the United States report being a member of an Indian American organization, compared to 29 percent of those born elsewhere. The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. On the other hand, Muslims are much more likely to self-identify as South Asian (27 percent compared to 7 percent of Christians and 5 percent of Hindus). Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. The results are shown in figure 22. Give Orange. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, 88% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 8% say they are a burden. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Texas, Florida and New York had more than 4 million immigrants each. View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. 7 The term Dalit refers to individuals who occupy the lowermost rungs of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. Comments. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. A very small minority, around 10 percent, strongly or somewhat disagrees. Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. more than any other country. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. Malayalam (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent), Marathi (4 percent), and Kannada (3 percent) round out the list. The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . 2) Population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population under 2,000 persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size. Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. May 3, 2016. Migration Policy Institute tabulation of data from theU.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2009-2013American Community Survey. The differences are especially stark for Diwali and Indian Independence Day, where the gap between the two groups is on the order of 20 percentage points. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. Stay up to date with what you want to know. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. When asked how important religion is in their life, 72 percent of respondents reply that religion is either very important or somewhat important. The top countries of origin for immigrants were India (11 percent of immigrants), Mexico (8 percent), China (6 percent), the Philippines (3 percent), and Canada (3 percent). While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. Overall, 89 percent of Hindus and Muslims apiece report they are very or somewhat comfortable having friends of the other faith. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies South Asia Program! Twenty-one percent report posting comments about political issues online. Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. The U.S. foreign-born population reached a record 44.8 million in 2018. Then, click on a state to get the top 15 origin countries of immigrants residing in that state. Christians, whose views are represented in the bottom two horizontal bars of figure 22, hold roughly similar attitudes toward both Hindus and Muslims. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. In 2017, the Trump administration deported 295,000 immigrants, the lowest total since 2006. Six percent choose no hyphenation at all and identify only as American and another 6 percent classify themselves as Asian American, an identity category that includes a wide range of diaspora groups from the Asian continent. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. Interestingly, respondents born in the United States report twice as much discrimination along gender and religious lines than those born outside of the United States. The Census Bureau pooled together survey responses from between 2013 and 2017, allowing the bureau's statisticians to publish estimates of how many people in the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia came from various countries. If half of all Indian Americans report some form discrimination, this begs the question: Who is discriminating against them? If the rate of population growth and influx of new immigrants from the region continues in the next couple of years, Asians will be the largest immigrant group by 2055 according to the Center. 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. The main sample was matched to a frame corresponding to all adult Indian Americans, and the oversample was matched to a frame corresponding to Indian Americans ages eighteen to twenty-seven. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. Figure 4 unpacks this further and looks at three categories of spouses or partners: Indian origin but born in India; Indian origin but born in the United States; and non-Indian origin. U.S.-born Indian Americans, however, are more likely to report a social network with a limited number of Indians (stating very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin) or to take the middle ground42 percent of them report that some of their friends are Indian origin, compared to 35 percent of foreign-born respondents.40. But how Indian Americans choose to deploy this influence remains an open question. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. The smaller the size of a given group, the fewer opportunities individuals have of meeting someone from their same group. Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Fully one-third of respondentsa large proportiondo not express an opinion either way. He is the author of several books, including Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Impact of International Migration from India on India and The Other One Percent: Indians in America (with Sanjoy Chakravorty and Nirvikar Singh). The one slight deviation in the overall pattern of civic engagement is found in the final categoryworking with others in your community to solve a problem. According to data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS)which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureauthere are 4.2 million people of Indian origin residing in the United States. Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. However, immigrants were just as likely as the U.S. born to have a bachelors degree or more (32% and 33%, respectively). The length of ones stay in the United States also plays an important role in shaping self-identification. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. Report. Douglas Farrar, Cliff Djajapranata, Fiona Garguilo, Jessica Katz, Laura Lucas Magnuson, Lori Merritt, Tim Martin, Jocelyn Soly, and Cameron Zotter contributed design, editorial, and production assistance. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with research and analytics firm YouGov. To what degree do Indian Americans engage with American politics, their civic community, and Indian culture? On the other end of the spectrum, 30 percent of Indian Americans born in the United States answer that being Indian is either somewhat or very unimportant to their identitya response given by just 17 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans. The IAAS asks respondents, Which of the following best describes your personal group of friends? Respondents choose from a list of five possible responses (not counting dont know): that all, most, some, very few, or none of their friends are of Indian origin. The first part looks at three types of engagement: civic, political, and cultural. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. Both frames were constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2018 ACS one-year sample. The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the estimated propensity score in the frames and post-stratified according to these deciles.57. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. The term net international migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another country minus people moving to another country from that state. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. Nearly one in four respondents reports no particular attachment to a state of origin. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. 10 Anna Purna Kambhampaty, At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who Counts as Asian. 15 While this study reports sample sizes as raw totals, all analyses include sampling weights, meaning that the proportions and means discussed here are weighted, unless otherwise noted. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. Asians are projected to become the largest immigrant group in the U.S. by 2055, surpassing Hispanics. What is also striking is how relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a caste versus those who do not. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. Immigrant Population by State and County This map displays the geographic distribution of immigrants in the United States by country of origin. Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with the research and analytics firm YouGov. Foreign-born Indian Americans are much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. List of U.S. states and territories by net migration, "State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021", "Net International Migration (change 20182019)", List of states and territories of the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_net_migration&oldid=1117397645, States of the United States-related lists, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 14:19. In that sense, the currents coursing their way through the Indian diaspora are perhaps reflective not only of broader developments in American society but alsoand perhaps even to a greater extentthe turbulence afflicting India. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. For more information, please refer to our Complete Comment Moderation Policy. In cases where the respondent identifies with multiple states, both states are counted as a home state. . Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). Self-identification also varies by religion. YouGov maintains a proprietary, double opt-in survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys. Cubans are among the top five foreign-born groups in the South . Many Indian immigrants might have brought with them identities rooted in their ancestral homeland, while others have eschewed them in favor of a nonhyphenated American identity. But this remains a minority view: 40 percent of Indian Americans do not believe that domestic politics are dividing the Indian diaspora in the United States. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. Thirty-seven percent of Congress supporters are somewhat comfortable having friends who support the BJP (identical to the share of BJP supporters who are somewhat comfortable having Congress friends), but just 23 percent say they are very comfortable having BJP supporters as friends (for BJP supporters, the analogous share is 35 percent). Its rapidly growing size, economic success, and growing political visibility have given it greater salience in American life. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B here. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. : //www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html state of origin for the U.S. territories much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, language. Asked how important religion is either very important or somewhat important figure 26 show that one in respondents! Indian American Attitudes survey, how Will Indian Americans engage with American politics, civic... 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