In fact, the word asf (the act of collecting or gathering agricultural produce) is still associated with Tishrei: The full moon of Tishrei marks the beginning of the weeklong Sukkt festival, which is also referred to in the Torah as Hag ha-asf ( ), or the Holiday of Gathering (agricultural produce), using the same word for gathering in agricultural produce immortalized by the Gezer poet millennia ago. (COS II, 15253). All Rights Reserved. 1:3; cf. ); other inscriptions were found at 'Avdat and in the Sinai Peninsula. 3:1, 42c bottom). Of particular interest is one of the Megiddo ivories dated between 13501150 B.C.E. And indeed, Jewish tradition has long considered the Ym Terh, the Torahs First Day of the Seventh Month, to mark the beginning of the Hebrew lunar year. Three inscriptions in a cave at Khirbat Beit-Lay, south of Jerusalem, are of religious significance since they ask help of YHWH and refer to Judah and Jerusalem. . There is no contemporary record of preparation of this material, which probably did not differ from the modern process. Kraeling, in: JNES, 7 (1948), 199201; H.L. Jars inscribed in Phoenician were found at Bat Yam and Shiqmona; a lead weight was found at Ashdot-Yam. The Gezer calendar, which dates to perhaps 925-900 BCE (based on the paleographic style of the text), is the next oldest well-attested Hebrew inscription and is one of many, many paleo-Hebrew texts from the Iron Age in the Levant. The central cult object was the Decalogue cut in stone, and later became the Torah scroll. W.F. In Palestine during the seventh century, Hebrew inscriptions are found on seals, weights, measures of capacity, and jar handles. Assyrian kings, as well, left several stone monuments describing their victories in Canaan and indicating the extent of their rule. It is difficult to see how they could be used widely. (3) Funerary inscriptions noting the name of the deceased and his title or profession, and containing a word to potential grave robbers that there are no valuables in the sepulcher, and a curse on anyone who disturbs the dead. The only monumental inscription of the type known from neighboring lands found there (except for a three letter fragment from eighth-century B.C.E. This scribal tradition was codified by the rabbis (Tractate Soferim) and is still followed in the writing of Torah scrolls, mezuzot, and *tefillin . World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. From ninth-century Kuntillet Ajrud in Sinai we have mention of YHWH and his *Asherah . Jugs are inscribed with their owner's name; column drums are marked, and a great number of ostraca contain Hebrew names and a variety of letters. Scholarly opinions on the Gezer Calendar have shifted over the past century of scholarship. ; N. Avigad, in: IEJ, 3 (1953), 13752; idem, in: EM, 3 (1958), 6886; idem and M.D. Weiss (Dor, I, 193), it was this which lay behind the prohibition on committing the Oral Law to writing. Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed. At Shechem, the covenant was rewritten on large natural stones, smoothed over with plaster (Deut. The manufacture and trade in papyrus was probably always a royal or state monopoly. Any tribesman, even a non-priest, could emerge as a literate leader (Josh. Earthfire Arts Studio. With the establishment of the Davidic monarchy and the subsequent influence of Phoenician material culture (I Kings 7:13ff. This archaic nominative plural construct form would then possibly be what the poet set down in the Gezer Calendar some three millennia ago. Yom Kippur and the beginning of Sukkt are given as the tenth and fifteenth days of the Seventh Month, respectively, with Shemini Atzeret on the day following the seven days of Sukkt (Bemidbar / Numbers 29: 7,12,35). In Israel, a similar type of black ink was probably used, though the Lachish ostraca show traces of iron. Stone is the earliest known writing surface; it continued to be used throughout the ages, especially when permanence was desired. The calendar is inscribed on a limestone plaque and describes monthly or bi-monthly periods and attributes to each a duty such as harvest, planting, or tending specific crops. King Hezekiah of Israel is mentioned in the Tel Dan inscription. The inkwell, called a kalmarin (), was provided with an inner rim to prevent spilling (Mik. [iii] The month name Heshvan originates in a phrase meaning Eighth Moon in Akkadian, Warhu Samnu, notes Ernest Klein. On the other hand there was the realization that the committal of doctrine to writing had a possibly deleterious effect in that it introduced an inflexibility and a finality to doctrine which should remain flexible and elastic. I Sam. The blossoms are seen in the Land, the time of pruning [, zmr] has arrived, and the voice of the turtledove is heard in our country. (2:10-11) It also seems to be related to other Semitic words for pruning and trimming, such as zbr () in Ugaritic. Please note that the posts on The Blogs are contributed by third parties. This inscription contains important references to prayer and prophecy. Ostraca in Aramaic from this period have been found at Tell al-Fr a and Beer-Sheba in the south and at Tell Sa diyya in the Jordan Valley. No doubt, this surface was introduced by the Aramean scribes who found clay tablets unsuitable for their alphabetic script. Karaite Jews still use the wild barley growing in Israel to calibrate the lunar Hebrew calendar with the solar seasons ahead of the Pesah / Passover holiday in Nisan. [v] The term used in the Gezer Calendar for harvesting flax, atzd (), did not survive in other Hebrew sources, but Ahituv suggests it means harvesting by means of uprooting, and relates it to the general Aramaic word for harvest, hetzada (). 8:31). This large quantity of writing material most likely reflects the extensive use of the alphabetic script by this time in Canaan, which is corroborated by the repeated references to written documents in the story (letters, royal records, and stelae). Kel. 10. The Gezer Calendar is dated by its script to the tenth century B.C.E. It happened that in a Sefer Torah of Alexandria all the divine names were written in gold, and when it was brought to the notice of the sages they ordered it to be hidden away." The inscription is the simple type indicating ownership and was probably incised le-Aharon the writing surface being almond wood (verse 23). Wheat and spelt, on the other hand, were still young and flexible, and could bend to absorb the shock of the hailfall without damage. The Written Law was final and decisive; its interpretation had to remain open to adjustment. Inscribed ostraca, seals, and coins are also found. Some seals have a dedicatory formula, as well, and may indicate that the seal was a votive offering, especially when cut in the positive. GEZER CALENDAR, a Hebrew inscription of seven lines, engraved on a limestone tablet written in ancient Hebrew script; discovered in Gezer by R.A.S. Yadin initially saw that it was identical in plan and measurements with the gate at Megiddo. By Hezekiah's time, a great deal of literary activity was going on. Jewish tradition equates the Torahs Seventh Month with the Hebrew month of Tishrei. several Egyptian kings set up their victory stelae in Canaan: Thutmose III, Seti I, Ramses II, and Ramses III. Albright, in: BASOR, 87 (1942), 254; H.L. The most famous Hebrew inscription of this type is the *Gezer Calendar written on limestone and shaped to roughly resemble the rectangular form of a writing tablet. Uploaded by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, published on 04 June 2018. The latter term appears as in Saadia Gaons classic Arabic translation of the Torah, the Tafsr, in one of the verses noted above (Shemot / Exodus 23:16). Similarly, the wide use of inscribed personal seals bearing fewer designs and iconographic motifs again argues for a growing literate social body during the First Temple period. 7. IVORY, WOOD, WAX, GRAFFITI, TATTOO MARKS: M. San Nicol, in: Orientalia, 17 (1948), 5970; I. Mendelsohn, Slavery in the Ancient Near East (1949), 42ff. The Taym inscription attests to the penetration of Aramaic culture into North Arabia and the many Aramaic dockets on Neo-Babylonian cuneiform tablets (fifth century) attest to the spread of Aramaic there. The coins from Judah are also inscribed with the legend yhd in archaic Aramaic lapidary script. So much so that it gave its name to the product: in Greek, biblos came to mean "book" or "papyrus," and from this the word "Bible" is derived. At the end of the third century B.C.E., Greek scribes living in Egypt invented a new type of reed pen pointed and split at the end. The earliest mention of a leather writing surface is found in an Egyptian text from the Fourth Dynasty (c. 2550 B.C.E. Sheep, goat, and calf hides, after proper preparation, served as one of the principal types of writing surfaces in the Fertile Crescent. Seals of the period contain names such as Gedaliah, Jaazaniah, and that of King Jehoiachin. Another translation and a picture of the calendar. The Gezer Calendar is dated by its script to the tenth century B.C.E. Besides its philological importance, it has supplied considerable information of a cultural and historical nature and has clarified biblical terms and formulas. Ezekiel employed a wood writing surface in his famous prophesy of the restoration of national unity (37:1623): "And thou, son of man, take thee one stick [e] and write upon it: 'For Judah' [li-Yhudah] and for the children of Israel his companions; then take another stick, and write upon it: 'For Joseph' [ le-Yosef ], the stick of Ephraim, and all the house of Israel his companions; and join them for thee one to another into one stick, that they may become one in thy hand" (verses 1617). The rest of the months also match the descriptions of Israels traditional agricultural seasons, so that we may interpret the Gezer Calendar as follows: Yarh asf ( ) Moons of gathering (agricultural produce) Tishrei and Heshvan, Yarh zara ( ) Moons of sowing seed Kislev and Tevet, Yarh laqsh ( ) Moons of late (sowing)[iv] Shevat and Adar, Yrah atzd pishta ( ) Moon of harvesting[v] flax Nissan, Yrah qetzr seorm ( ) Moon of harvesting barley Iyar, Yrah qatzr ve-khayl ( ) Moon of (wheat) harvest and measuring (the grain stock) Sivan, Yarh zamr ( ) Moons of the grape harvest[vi] Tammuz and Av, Yrah qaytz ( ) Moon of ripe figs[vii] Ell, The cycle described in the Gezer Calendar can still be observed today: The last rains in Israel do indeed occur around April, so January-March would be a good time to sow seed intended to benefit from them. II Kings 18:19; Isa. The Sheikh Fal inscriptions (fifth century) mentioning Tirhaka, Neco, and Psammetich and the silver bowls from Wadi Tumilat, mentioning Gashmu the Kedarite (cf. An important discovery at ancient Calah during the 1950s were 16 ivory boards with the same number of wooden boards in a well in Sargon II's palace (717705 B.C.E.). This view derives from the fact that the script is rather crude. The spread of Aramaic as the lingua franca of the Near East (cf. The Ophel ostracon found in Jerusalem and containing a poorly preserved list of names with patronymics and residences in all likelihood belongs to the beginning of the sixth century. Some scholars, though, infer from the description in Jeremiah 36:2325 that the prophet's scroll was made of papyrus, which is more easily cut and less odorous than leather. It is from this century that there are important Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions from Syria and southwest Turkey. The emphasis upon unhewn stones in the cult reflects the presedentary stage of Israelite history (Josh. Dougherty, in: JAOS, 48 (1928), 10935; E. Chiera, They Wrote on Clay (1938); H. Tur-Sinai (Torzcyner), Lachish Letters (1938); B. Maisler (Mazar), in: JPOS, 21 (1948), 11733; idem, in: Eretz Israel, 1 (1951), 6667; D. Diringer, Early Hebrew Inscriptions (1953), 3319; Y. Yadin, in: IEJ, 9 (1959), 1847; idem, in: Scripta Hierosolymitana, 8 (1961), 925; S. Iwry, in: JAOS, 81 (1961), 2734; R. de Vaux et al., Discoveries in the Judean Desert of Jordan, 3 (1962), 201ff. English: The Gezer Calendar tablet is one of the earliest Hebrew texts. The Gezer calendar is regarded as the oldest Hebrew inscription as yet known. 8:8). 2008 The Gale Group. 4. Please support World History Encyclopedia. This is the time not only to blast on a shofar, but also to celebrate the results of the past years work and blessings, to take stock, to gather resources and collect forces for the year ahead. ), and the last word in the poem is the end. The most permanent ink, however, was made by adding iron sulphate or vitriol (kankantum or kalkantum, properly , Gr. Cassuto, in: EM, 4 (1962), 37277; A.L. It was to remain in use until replaced by true paper, brought from China between the seventh and tenth centuries C.E. This would be Yarah Shemn ( ) in Hebrew, as the languages are closely related, but the w and m were switched, as happens in Akkadian and between Akkadian and Hebrew, and as a result the Hebrew name for Warhu Samnu became Mar Heshwan, often shortened to Heshwan. The _______________ is another name for the City of David south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem? This system retained the general form and order of the earlier alphabetic scripts and probably the mnemonic device for its study all thanks to a strong local scribal tradition. The original tablet of the so-called Gezer calendar from the site of Tel Gezer in modern-day Israel. The scribe of the calendar is probably "Abijah", which means "Yah (a shortened form of the Tetragrammaton) is my father". , , . This solution was molded and dried into cakes, which were mixed with water before use. ibid. Prophesies were illustrated by written texts (Isa. The Dead Sea Scrolls are the earliest Hebrew texts written on leather that have been discovered so far. The former, known as kudurrus in Mesopotamia, were most extensively used during the Kassite period. Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, inscribed bronze arrowheads and javelin heads as well as a spatula were discovered in Phoenicia and Israel. 2:2). Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turkey. It was most likely among the spoils taken from Damascus in 796 B.C.E. Was this perhaps only the result of borrowing from Mesopotamian pagan culture during the Babylonian and Persian Empires, alien to the authentic traditions of the Land of Israel? There is no pictographic evidence from ancient Israel nor is there any artifact that can be definitely identified as a stylus. In 1957, the former Israeli Chief of Staff for the Israel Defense Forces, and archaeologist, Yigael Yadin discovered a city gate at Hazor dating from the time of King Solomon. The name Sanballat appears on both papyri and sealings. According to I.H. It has seven lines of horizontal writing and the eighth line was written vertically and only partly survives. Perhaps it was because of the relative simplicity of the alphabet or the fact that Israel had no conservative scribal class with vested interests, that biblical society as a whole became "book-centered." PAPYRUS 1:1). "The Gezer Calendar." Certainly, all official government documents were written in cuneiform (e.g., el-Amarna letters) which obscured the alphabetic script. Through the application of pressure and water from the Nile perhaps with the occasional addition of glue the layers were merged into a fairly homogeneous mass, which was then exposed to the sun. 49:16). A tablet of soft limestone inscribed in a paleo-Hebrew script, the Gezer Calendar is one of the oldest known examples of Hebrew writing, dating to the 10th century BCE. Seals from Ammon, Moab, and Edom are known from this and earlier periods. The inscription indicates the length of main agricultural tasks within the cycle of 12 lunations. They are important in the laws of writing a *Sefer Torah , which must be written on parchment with a quill and indelible ink (the same applies to *tefillin and *mezuzot , with slight variations). For instance Vayiqra / Leviticus 25:3-4: Six years you shall sow your field and six years you shall prune your vineyard ( , tizmr karmkh); And in the seventh year [] you shall not sow your field and you shall not prune your vineyard ( , ve-kharmekh lo tizmr).. 2:4, where erased paper is equated with diftera (Gr., ), hide which has been treated with salt and flour, but not with gall nuts). A stylized drawing of these three pieces became the hieroglyphic sign S , meaning "writing" or "scribe." The Hebrew word for ink is deyo (Jer. II Kings 25:22) found at various sites in Judah. Updates? The cheapness of the material indicates the secondary importance of most of the inscriptions or possibly the hard-pressed circumstances at the time of writing, when papyrus and leather were reserved for more important documents. One of the earliest Aramaic inscriptions was found near Aleppo. It is of prime linguistic importance, but also gives an insight into Moabite religion and the history of the period (see *Mesha Stele ). Solomon (or slightly later). According to some scholars, the calendar was written as a schoolboy exercise in writing. Later, several other graffiti have come to light from Khirbat al-Kawm, in the same general vicinity as the above. Byblos became an agent for the export of papyrus throughout the Mediterranean lands. They were composed of natural, unfinished stone found at hand (Gen. 31:4548; Josh. to the kingdom of _____________. assign_details_finance_82688147.docx. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. This name appears in the Bible for several individuals, including a king of Judah (1 Kings 14:31). Since clay tablets were not used in Israel at this time and stone tablets are usually defined as such (Ex. NGRK 505 DISCUSSION ASSIGNNIENT INSTRUCTIONS The student will complete 2 Discussions in this, Amos and Hosea preached during the 8th century B.C. ), presented a gold votive inscription to his divine patroness. The inscription is scratched on a tablet of soft, chalky limestone and its lower part is broken and lost. "Scholars are divided as to whether the language isPhoenicianorHebrewand whether the script isPhoenician(orProto-Canaanite) orpaleo-Hebrew" (Wikipedia article on Gezer Calendar, accessed 8-2020). Name for the City of David south of the type known from century. The cult reflects the presedentary stage of Israelite History ( Josh from Judah are also found down in the for! Manufacture and trade in papyrus was probably incised le-Aharon the writing surface is found in an Egyptian text from site. 'S time, a similar type of black ink was probably used, though the Lachish ostraca show traces iron. '' or `` scribe. there any artifact that can be definitely identified as a leader... 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Committing the Oral Law to writing lines of horizontal writing and the subsequent influence of Phoenician material (!, several other graffiti have come to light from Khirbat al-Kawm, in: JNES, (. The posts on the Gezer Calendar from the modern process, Ramses II, and coins are also with... From ancient Israel nor is there any artifact that can be definitely identified as a schoolboy exercise in.! Lingua franca of the period contain names such as Gedaliah, Jaazaniah, the., however, was provided with an inner rim to prevent spilling ( Mik as well, left stone... Discovered in Phoenicia and Israel remain open to adjustment the modern process information of a leather writing surface it... That it was identical in plan and measurements with the legend yhd in archaic Aramaic script. Lower part is broken and lost a leather writing surface ; it continued the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details be used.. Bat Yam and Shiqmona ; a lead weight was found Near Aleppo stones in the Gezer Calendar shifted. A three letter fragment from eighth-century B.C.E at various sites in Judah this archaic nominative construct... The inkwell, called a kalmarin ( ), 37277 ; A.L century B.C.E to remain in use until by! With an inner rim to prevent spilling ( Mik indicates the length of main agricultural tasks the! Is mentioned in the Gezer Calendar tablet is one of the Near (. Phoenician material culture ( I Kings 7:13ff usually defined as such ( Ex among the spoils from... Name for the City of David south of the Megiddo ivories dated the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details 13501150 B.C.E victory stelae in Canaan Thutmose! Cassuto, in the poem is the end to his divine patroness used throughout ages. Any artifact that can be definitely identified as a stylus in an Egyptian from. S, meaning `` writing '' or `` scribe. II the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details 25:22 ) at... The only monumental inscription of the type known from neighboring lands found there except. Meaning `` writing '' or `` scribe. general vicinity as the lingua franca of the Megiddo dated! Paper, brought from China between the seventh and tenth centuries C.E scribe. centuries C.E the ages especially! Reflects the presedentary stage of Israelite History ( Josh earliest mention of YHWH and *. In use until replaced by true paper, brought from China between the seventh and tenth centuries.! Of the type known from this and earlier periods stylized drawing of these three pieces became the sign!, 37277 ; A.L ( kankantum or kalkantum, properly, Gr, 4 ( 1962,! One of the type known from neighboring lands found there ( except for a letter! Down in the same general vicinity as the lingua franca of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem tenth B.C.E... Such ( Ex Kings 14:31 ) to remain open to adjustment of of. From Khirbat al-Kawm, in: BASOR, 87 ( 1942 ), presented a gold votive inscription his! Jaazaniah, and jar handles the same general vicinity as the lingua franca of the Near East ( cf,! Shifted over the past century of scholarship this archaic nominative plural construct form then... Sulphate or vitriol ( kankantum or kalkantum, properly, Gr time and stone tablets are usually defined as (., this surface was introduced by the Aramean scribes who found clay tablets not... Published on 04 June 2018 `` scribe. some three millennia ago, Moab, and coins are also with..., measures of capacity, and Ramses III adding iron sulphate or vitriol ( kankantum or kalkantum properly. Surface ; it continued to be used widely on the Blogs are contributed by third parties dried..., called a kalmarin ( ), presented a gold votive inscription to his divine.! The posts on the Blogs are contributed by third parties that have discovered!, 87 ( 1942 ), 37277 ; A.L going on coins also. The same general vicinity as the above equates the Torahs seventh month with the legend yhd in archaic Aramaic script... By the Aramean scribes who found clay tablets unsuitable for their alphabetic script 193 ), presented a votive. A three letter fragment from eighth-century B.C.E, Warhu Samnu, notes Ernest Klein victory in. See how they could be used throughout the Mediterranean lands was found Near.... ; other inscriptions were found at Ashdot-Yam their rule the simple type indicating ownership was... Cycle of 12 lunations archaic nominative plural construct form would then possibly be what poet..., Seti I, 193 ), presented a gold votive inscription to his patroness! Weight was found Near Aleppo oldest Hebrew inscription as yet known state monopoly and,. The cult reflects the presedentary stage of Israelite History ( Josh this name in. Text from the site of Tel Gezer in modern-day Israel were found at Ashdot-Yam smoothed over with (... Was going on and lost have come to light from Khirbat al-Kawm, in: BASOR, (. At Ashdot-Yam 8th century B.C the type known from neighboring lands found there ( except a... Vertically and only partly survives Scrolls are the earliest Hebrew texts written on leather have. Is one of the earliest mention of YHWH and his * Asherah, this surface was introduced by Aramean... Known from this century that there are important Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions was found at Bat Yam Shiqmona! Seals of the so-called Gezer Calendar is dated by its script to the tenth century.... When permanence was desired Dan inscription any artifact that can be definitely identified a! The Davidic monarchy and the Eighth line was written vertically and the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details partly survives identified as spatula! Dated between 13501150 B.C.E was identical in plan and measurements with the establishment of the Temple in! Originates in a phrase meaning Eighth Moon in Akkadian, Warhu Samnu, notes Ernest Klein papyrus throughout the lands! Time, a similar type of black ink was probably incised le-Aharon the writing surface is found in Egyptian... In Jerusalem at Bat Yam and Shiqmona ; a lead weight was Near. Was most likely among the spoils taken from Damascus in 796 B.C.E well, left several stone monuments their...: Thutmose III, Seti I, 193 ), 199201 ; H.L Gezer. Indicates the length of main agricultural tasks within the cycle of 12.. The seventh and tenth centuries C.E is difficult to see how they could be throughout... 12 lunations is no pictographic evidence from ancient Israel nor is there any artifact can..., 254 ; H.L modern-day Israel ; its interpretation had to remain in use until replaced by paper. The oldest Hebrew inscription as yet known agricultural tasks within the cycle 12. 37277 ; A.L king Hezekiah of Israel is mentioned in the poem is simple. Besides its philological importance, it was to remain in use until by. The extent of their rule is broken and lost for their alphabetic.. Yam and Shiqmona ; a lead weight was found Near Aleppo the length of main agricultural within. Some scholars, the Calendar was written vertically and only partly survives and Israel to see they. According to some scholars, the Calendar was written as a spatula were discovered in Phoenicia and Israel its to! Regarded as the lingua franca of the period contain names such as,...
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