Google Scholar. Although challenges exist, perspectives are enticed by currently approved NK cell-based therapies and emerging pre-clinical and clinical studies. 2013;15(10):1297306. Google Scholar. Ditadi A, Sturgeon CM, Keller G. A view of human haematopoietic development from the Petri dish. Cytotherapy. NK cells are CD49aEomes+, whereas ILC1s are CD49a+Eomes [15, 16]. Donor-derived natural killer cells infused after human leukocyte antigen-haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation: a dose-escalation study. The current source and characteristics of NK cells for immunotherapies, expansion, and activation approaches are given in Tables 3 and 4. Tumor boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) subcutaneousC26 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice were intrave- nously injected PEG-b-P(Glu-SS-BSH)respectively 100mg/kg BSHbasis, when WebThese antibodies are currently used in clinical trials in the treatment of both hematological and solid tumors. The integration and balance of the activating and inhibitory signals from the ligand/receptor interactions dictates the status of NK cell activation. Wang et al. Cancer Immunol Res. GPC3 is Geller MA, et al. The subjects of the study were patients with high-risk solid tumors, including Ewing Sarcoma, Neuroblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Osteosarcoma, and CNS tumors. WebFurther pharmacodynamic studies in tumor-free mice revealed superior proliferative and cytotoxic functions on NK cells after RLI treatment compared with IL-15 alone. This successful immunotherapy has led to a more complete view of cancer that now considers not only the cancer cells to be targeted and destroyed but also the immune environment of the cancer cells. The broad spectrum of human natural killer cell diversity. Phase I clinical trial of autologous NK cell therapy using novel expansion method in patients with advanced digestive cancer. McMichael EL, et al. Mesothelin is a tumor differentiation antigen that is highly overexpressed in several human cancers including malignant mesothelioma, pancreatic, ovarian, and lung adenocarcinoma [91]. Cytotherapy. However, several studies have shown that intratumoral NK cells can also be associated with increased survival ( 6 Lysis of fresh and cultured autologous tumor by human lymphocytes cultured in T-cell growth factor. Sakamoto N, et al. PubMed It was suggested that induced expression of CD69 on NK cells is important for the cytotoxicity of the CTV-1 tumor cell-activated NK [88]. Liu E, et al. Han J, et al. We are initiating the clinical evaluation of AB-201 at multiple centers in the US A phase 1 trial of CNDO-109-activated natural killer cells in patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia. 2017;8:458. Ng YY, Tay JCK, Wang S. cxcr1 expression to improve anti-cancer efficacy of intravenously injected CAR-NK cells in mice with peritoneal xenografts. In allogeneic transfer settings, the concept of KIR and HLA mismatches between donor and recipient was the original strategy aimed at enhancing the activation of donor NK cells to eradicate patients tumor cells. It is iPSC-differentiated NK cells (iPSC-NK). Skeate R, et al. NKp44-NKp44 ligand interactions in the regulation of natural killer cells and other innate lymphoid cells in humans. Google Scholar. Tumor immunoevasion by the conversion of effector NK cells into type 1 innate lymphoid cells. Adoptive transfer of autologous natural killer cells leads to high levels of circulating natural killer cells but does not mediate tumor regression. The SNK02 clinical study will be a multi-center, open label, Phase 1 study of SNK02 in patients with advanced solid tumors who have failed at least one prior They demonstrated in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model grafted with human neuroblastoma and MDSCs that NKG2D CAR-NK cells can reduce human MDSCs efficiently [77]. The natural cytotoxic receptor NKp46 is also often used to identify mouse and human NK cells in combination with the absence of CD3 expression. HIGHLIGHTS who: Ming-Yu Lai from the Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center have published the paper: Comparison of response evaluation criteria in solid tumors and tumor regression grade in evaluating the effect of preoperative systemic therapy of gastric cancer, in the Journal: (JOURNAL) of Tumor-primed human natural killer cells lyse NK-resistant tumor targets: evidence of a two-stage process in resting NK cell activation. Join us for this live, CME-certified symposium featuring an expert discussion of TROP2- and HER3-targeted antibody-drug conjugates and their current use in treating patients with solid tumors, including lung and breast cancers. Zhang C., et al. The BiKEs or TrikEs are composed of two or three linked single-chain antibody variable fragments of different antigen specificities [79]. Two biotechs aim to broaden the reach of cancer immunotherapy by applying gene editing tools to an emerging form of cell therapy through a wide-ranging 2017;8(1):67. The main source of donor NK cells is peripheral blood collected by apheresis. 2019;12(1):49. Thorac Cancer 2013;3:118. 2015;6:368. Expression of chimeric receptor CD4zeta by natural killer cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells improves in vitro activity but does not enhance suppression of HIV infection in vivo. Knorr DA, et al. Current challenges Engineering natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res. Webwith a high chance of succeeding in solid cancer therapy. 2017;25(8):176981. There are a number of ongoing clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy using engineered iPSC-NK cells, which are summarized in the following sections. Oncotarget. 2016;7:504. Anti-tumor activities of adoptively transferred NK cells in vivo have been demonstrated as well in pre-clinical xenograft mouse models of ovarian cancer, Recently, several groups demonstrated that mouse and human NK cells pre-activated with a cocktail of IL-12/15/18 had enhanced and sustained anti-tumor effector functions in vitro and in vivo after infusion [84,85,86]. Conceptually, iPSC-NK can provide a homogenously differentiated NK cell population that can be expanded to clinical scale as an off-the-shelf supply, overcoming the limitation of the NK-92 cell line. The antigen recognition domain usually consists of a single-chain fragment (scFV) molecule derived from a monoclonal antibody, and nanobody-based constructs have been used in limited studies to date [72]. Cell. Generation of off-the-shelf natural killer cells from peripheral blood cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Imai C, Iwamoto S, Campana D. Genetic modification of primary natural killer cells overcomes inhibitory signals and induces specific killing of leukemic cells. Nat Rev Immunol. Combination therapy with EpCAM-CAR-NK-92 cells and regorafenib against human colorectal cancer models. Most NK cells in the blood are CD56dim, whereas the CD56bright subset only represents less than 15% of total circulating NK cells [17]. For instance, 21-day NK culture of placenta-isolated NKs yields an average of 1.2109 NK cells with around 80% viability [106] and 1.591010 NK cells with an average purity of 92.37% from UCB [107]. Freud AG, et al. Clin Cancer Res. It remains to be determined how NRPbody will interact with a more complex and realistic immune contexture in the TME which consists of more than NK cells, as CXCL16 was shown in other tumor models to correlate with the infiltration of monocytes and M2-macrophages as well [92, 93]. 2010;59(12):17819. Despite promising results shown in hematologic tumors, immunotherapies for the treatment of solid tumors have mostly failed so far. PubMed Oelsner S, et al. The book is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, graduate students and those interested in learning more about novel strategies to treat cancer patients. Purinergic targeting enhances immunotherapy of CD73(+) solid tumors with piggyBac-engineered chimeric antigen receptor natural killer cells. Genssler S, et al. 2008;28(4):57180. Wang W, et al. WebTargeting TROP2 and HER3: Perspective on the Next Precision Treatment Advances Across Solid Tumors. Tumor boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) subcutaneousC26 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice were intrave- nously injected PEG-b-P(Glu-SS-BSH)respectively 100mg/kg BSHbasis, when Clinical application of CAR-NK cell therapy in solid tumors. Stem Cell Reports. PLoS ONE. Kiessling R, Klein E, Wigzell H. Natural" killer cells in the mouse. While the CAR technology seeks to enhance NK cell functions by genetically directing their target specificity, there are active investigations on other strategies to effectively prime NK cells ex vivo or in vivo for optimal anti-tumor functions after their infusion. A wide range of tumor antigens have been targeted by CAR-NK cells in pre-clinical studies for hematological malignancies and solid tumors [38, 39, 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76]. Instead, a combination of transcription factors, including T-bet, Eomes, E4BP4, Id2, and BLIMP, was identified to instruct NK development and maturation [23]. CNDO-109-NK cells were found well tolerated without occurrence of dose-limiting toxicities [89]. Patients with advanced malignant solid tumors, histologically or cytologically confirmed, who had failed standard therapy, or had no standard therapy, or were not WebChapters cover advances in immunotherapeutic strategies, in particular, the use of NK cells with and without T-cell therapy in the treatment of cancer. Biol Blood Marrow Transpl. WebNatural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy has been considered a promising cell-based cancer treatment strategy with low side effects for early tumors and metastasis. Clinical-scale derivation of natural killer cells from human pluripotent stem cells for cancer therapy. North J, et al. Stimulatingly, the substitution of natural killer (NK) cells with T cells is being considered as an effective solution since NK cells are capable of targeting tumors WebCancer immunotherapy has achieved great success in the past few years. Nat Rev Immunol. Production Process of CAR-NK Article Phase I/II clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety and efficacy of NK cell combined with nimotuzumab to treat late-stage malignancies (NCT03554889) and of NK cell infusion on patients with advanced malignant tumors following multi-line therapies (NCT03619954). Cytotherapy. Huijskens MJ, et al. Google Scholar. Cells, 2020; 9(2). NKG2D, an activating NK cell receptor, can bind to eight different stress-induced ligands that are naturally expressed on 80% of hematological and solid cancer NK cells were identified over four decades ago as lymphocytes with innate ability to lyse tumor cells without the need for prior sensitization [8,9,10]. Specificity and distribution according to genotype. WebHappy New Year to you! 2017;28(10):88696. Ex vivo-expanded highly purified natural killer cells in combination with temozolomide induce antitumor effects in human glioblastoma cells in vitro. 2012;3:319. Vallera et al. Front Immunol. Over 100-fold expansion was achieved with Wilms tumor HFWT [134] and immortalized T lymphocyte Jurkat cell lines [135]. NK Cells of the Lung Front Immunol. Synergy among receptors on resting NK cells for the activation of natural cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Jennifer Wu supervised the study. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is an engineered synthetic receptor of CAR-T, which give T cells the ability to recognize tumor antigens in a human leukocyte antigen-independent (HLA-independent) manner and enables them to recognize more extensive target The other important feature of iPSC-NK cell technology is the ability to manipulate the differentiation strategy, thus shaping the phenotype and functionality of the resulting product. NK cell represents a specialized immune effector cell population equipped with fast-acting and potent anti-tumor capacity. As an alternative to CAR-T cell therapy, CAR-NK cell therapy not only circumvents these challenges but also presents additional major advantages: (i) the ability to use unlimited allogeneic NK source without concern of GVHD [6, 31, 32]; (ii) the potential to generate off-shelf product with NK cell line or iPSC-NK [37,38,39,40,41]; (iii) relatively shortened production time; iv) recognition and killing tumor cells through NK cell native receptors independent of the CAR engineering [42], less likely allowing disease escape through downregulation of the CAR antigens as shown with CAR-T cell therapy [37]. Correspondence to Bryceson YT, et al. 2019;7(2):21929. The combination of IL-2/IL-15/IL-21 can support up to eightfold expansion of NK cells [121]. NK Cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy. Represents a specialized immune effector cell population equipped with fast-acting and potent anti-tumor capacity immortalized lymphocyte. 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